"""Functions for calculating particle drifts."""
__all__ = [
"diamagnetic_drift",
"ExB_drift",
"force_drift",
"vd_",
"veb_",
"vfd_",
]
__aliases__ = ["vd_", "veb_", "vfd_"]
import astropy.units as u
import numpy as np
from plasmapy.utils.decorators import validate_quantities
[docs]
@validate_quantities
def diamagnetic_drift(
dp: u.Quantity[u.Pa / u.m],
B: u.Quantity[u.T],
n: u.Quantity[u.m**-3],
q: u.Quantity[u.C],
) -> u.Quantity[u.m / u.s]:
r"""
Calculate the diamagnetic fluid perpendicular drift.
**Aliases:** `vd_`
Parameters
----------
dp : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Pressure gradient vector
B : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Magnetic field vector
n : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Number density
q : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Particle charge
Returns
-------
v: `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Drift velocity, in m/s
Examples
--------
>>> import astropy.units as u
>>> import numpy as np
>>> dp = np.array([0, -1, 0]) * u.Pa / u.m
>>> b = np.array([0, 0, 1]) * u.T
>>> n = 1 / u.m**3
>>> q = 1 * u.C
>>> diamagnetic_drift(dp, b, n, q)
<Quantity [ 1., -0., -0.] m / s>
Notes
-----
The diamagnetic drift is given by
.. math::
\vec{v} = -\frac{ ∇ p \times \vec{B} }{ q n |B|^2 }
This is the velocity component of a fluid element perpendicular to
the magnetic field.
"""
cross = np.cross(dp, B)
return -cross / q / n / (B * B).sum(-1)
vd_ = diamagnetic_drift
"""Alias to `~plasmapy.formulary.drifts.diamagnetic_drift`."""
[docs]
@validate_quantities
def ExB_drift(E: u.Quantity[u.V / u.m], B: u.Quantity[u.T]) -> u.Quantity[u.m / u.s]:
r"""
Calculate the "electric cross magnetic" particle drift.
**Aliases:** `veb_`
Parameters
----------
E : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Electric field vector
B : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Magnetic field vector
Returns
-------
v: `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Drift velocity, in m/s
Examples
--------
>>> import astropy.units as u
>>> ex = np.array([1, 0, 0])
>>> ey = np.array([0, 1, 0])
>>> ExB_drift(ex * u.V / u.m, ey * u.T)
<Quantity [0., 0., 1.] m / s>
>>> ExB_drift(ex * u.V / u.m, ex * u.T)
<Quantity [0., 0., 0.] m / s>
>>> ExB_drift(ex * u.V / u.m, 100 * ey * u.T)
<Quantity [0. , 0. , 0.01] m / s>
Notes
-----
The E × B drift is given by
.. math::
\vec{v} = \frac{\vec{E} \times \vec{B}}{|B|^2}
and is independent of particle charge.
"""
# np.cross drops units right now, thus this hack: see
# https://github.com/PlasmaPy/PlasmaPy/issues/59
cross = np.cross(E.si.value, B.si.value) * E.unit * B.unit
return cross / (B * B).sum(-1)
veb_ = ExB_drift
"""Alias to `~plasmapy.formulary.drifts.ExB_drift`."""
[docs]
@validate_quantities
def force_drift(
F: u.Quantity[u.N], B: u.Quantity[u.T], q: u.Quantity[u.C]
) -> u.Quantity[u.m / u.s]:
r"""
Calculate the general force drift for a particle in a magnetic field.
**Aliases:** `vfd_`
Parameters
----------
F : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Force acting on particle
B : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Magnetic field
q : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Particle charge
Examples
--------
>>> import astropy.units as u
>>> from astropy.constants.si import g0, e, m_e
>>> ex = np.array([1, 0, 0])
>>> ez = np.array([0, 0, 1])
>>> force_drift(-ez * g0 * m_e, ex * 0.01 * u.T, e)
<Quantity [ 0.0000000e+00, -5.5756984e-09, 0.0000000e+00] m / s>
>>> force_drift(-ez * g0 * m_e, ez * 0.01 * u.T, e)
<Quantity [ 0., -0., 0.] m / s>
>>> force_drift(-ez * g0 * m_e, ex * u.T, e)
<Quantity [ 0.0000000e+00, -5.5756984e-11, 0.0000000e+00] m / s>
Returns
-------
v: `~astropy.units.Quantity`
Drift velocity, in m/s
Notes
-----
The particle drift in a magnetic field and with a general
force (e.g. gravity) applied to it is given by
.. math::
\vec{v} = \frac{\vec{F} \times \vec{B}}{q |B|^2}
Note the charge dependency.
"""
cross = np.cross(F.si.value, B.si.value) * F.unit * B.unit
return cross / (q * (B * B).sum(-1))
vfd_ = force_drift
"""Alias to `~plasmapy.formulary.drifts.force_drift`."""