chemical_potential

plasmapy.formulary.quantum.chemical_potential(n_e: Unit('1 / m3'), T: Unit('K'))

Calculate the ideal chemical potential.

Parameters

• n_e (Quantity) – Electron number density.

• T (Quantity) – The temperature.

Returns

beta_mu – The dimensionless ideal chemical potential. That is the ratio of the ideal chemical potential to the thermal energy.

Return type

Quantity

Raises

• TypeError – If argument is not a Quantity.

• UnitConversionError – If argument is in incorrect units.

• ValueError – If argument contains invalid values.

Warns

UnitsWarning – If units are not provided, SI units are assumed.

Notes

The ideal chemical potential is given by [Bonitz, 1998]:

\[χ_a = I_{1/2}(β μ_a^{ideal})\]

where \(χ\) is the degeneracy parameter, \(I_{1/2}\) is the Fermi integral with order 1/2, \(β\) is the inverse thermal energy \(β = 1/(k_B T)\), and \(μ_a^{ideal}\) is the ideal chemical potential.

The definition for the ideal chemical potential is implicit, so it must be obtained numerically by solving for the Fermi integral for values of chemical potential approaching the degeneracy parameter. Since values returned from the Fermi_integral are complex, a nonlinear Levenberg-Marquardt least squares method is used to iteratively approach a value of \(μ\) which minimizes \(I_{1/2}(β μ_a^{ideal}) - χ_a\)

This function returns \(β μ^{ideal}\) the dimensionless ideal chemical potential.

Warning

At present this function is limited to relatively small arguments due to limitations in the mpmath.polylog, which PlasmaPy uses in calculating the Fermi integral.

Examples

>>> from astropy import units as u
>>> chemical_potential(n_e=1e21*u.cm**-3,T=11000*u.K)  
<Quantity 2.00039985e-12>